Keith Harper

Author: keith

  • Cartographic Data Science

    Cartographic Data Science

    Coordinate Based Problem Solving and Geospatial Analysis by Keith Harper

    In 2026, I drove my Ford Transit van from Chattanooga, Tennessee to Deadhorse, Alaska.

    The Problem: When the trip was complete, I wanted to create a map of Sleep Locations where I spent each night.

    The Solution: Extract and sort coordinate-based location data stored within my android phone.

    While the solution might sound simple, geospatial data stored within a phone presents a host of problems. Using data management and manipulation I translated hundreds of thousands of data points into a map of 42 nightly sleeping spots.

    Google Earth Map of Tennessee to Alaska
    Night-time sleeping spots derived from historical “Google Timeline” data on an Android phone, using Python, Google Sheets, and QGIS.

    Demonstrated Skills:
    QGIS • Google Timeline • Python • Google Sheets • Spatial Analysis • Spatiotemporal Analysis • GeoJSON • JSON • GPS Data • Data Cleaning • ETL • Attribute Tables • Spatial Visualization • Temporal Filtering • Coordinate Data • Data Validation • Cartography • Geographic Research • Validation • Final Product • Storytelling

    A Solution in 8 Phases
    Phase 1 — Data Acquisition
    Phase 2 — Data Conversion & Preparation
    Phase 3 — QGIS Import & Inspection
    Phase 4 — Temporal Analysis
    Phase 5 — Overnight Location Extraction
    Phase 6 — Visualization & Symbology
    Phase 7 — Coordinate/Location Validation
    Phase 8 — Final Analysis, Cartographic Product, & Storytelling

    Phase 1 — Data Acquisition

    The Problem: Android Phones, with Google Timeline activated, accumulate geospatial data continually, yet inconsistently.

    My Google Timeline has acquired data since 2011. My Timeline file is 82mb, containing hundreds of thousands of datapoints. The information exists primarily as raw location-history data rather than as a useful geographic dataset.

    The first challenge is figuring out what data I actually have, and how can I get it into a form that GIS software can understand.

    I identify the relevant source file, Timeline.json.

    The file is approximately 82 MB, containing a very large number of individual location records dating back to 2011.

    This immediately introduces a real GIS/data-management problem. Instead of starting with a neat spreadsheet containing 50 locations, I start with a large machine-generated dataset.

    Technical competencies of this phase:

    Data acquisition

    Obtaining geographic data from an external source
    Working with user-generated GPS/location-history data
    Identifying relevant datasets within a larger information source

    Data structure awareness

    Understanding that location data can exist in different formats

    Recognizing the difference between raw location history and GIS-ready spatial data

    Identifying useful geographic attributes within a large dataset

    Professional competency demonstrated:

    Data discovery and source evaluation

    Phase 2 — Data Conversion & Preparation

    The Problem: raw Timeline data isn’t immediately in a format readable by GIS software.

    I convert the Timeline JSON data into GeoJSON by use of a Python script. I develop the script using AI prompt-engineering through Chat-GPT.

    By running this script through PyCharm, I create a GIS-compatible spatial dataset in GeoJSON that is loaded into QGIS.

    I share my process with other devs via GitHub here: https://github.com/TheCemeteryDetective/json_to_geojson/blob/main/JSON_to_geoJSON

    I also document and share my process with the Reddit GoogleMaps community here:
    https://www.reddit.com/r/GoogleMaps/comments/1jm1k0q/comment/n39qsr7/?context=3

    The resulting dataset is approximately:

    • 75.84 MB
    • 226,061 features
    • WGS 84 / EPSG:4326

    Effectively, I perform an ETL process:

    Extract → Transform → Load

    Technical competencies in this phase:

    • JSON data
    • Python
    • GeoJSON
    • Data-format conversion
    • Spatial data preparation
    • ETL concepts
    • Large dataset handling
    • Geographic coordinates
    • CRS awareness
    • WGS 84
    • EPSG codes

    Phase 3 — QGIS Import & Inspection

    Loading data isn’t the same thing as understanding it.

    I answer key questions:

    • What does the features represent?
    • What attributes are available?
    • Are the coordinates correct?
    • What fields will be used for analysis?
    • What is the temporal information?
    • Is QGIS interpreting the data correctly?

    Exploring the GeoJSON file with QGIS 3.40.11:

    Examine:

    • Layer properties
    • Feature count
    • CRS
    • Attribute table
    • Available fields
    • Timestamp information
    • Geographic distribution of points

    The data contains a very large number of individual records.

    Since the attribute table does not initially expose all the information I expect, I am forced to investigate the data structure rather than simply assuming the data is wrong.

    Technical competencies

    • QGIS
    • Layer management
    • Attribute-table inspection
    • Feature inspection
    • CRS identification
    • Spatial-data validation
    • Dataset structure analysis
    • GIS troubleshooting

    Phase 4 — Temporal Analysis

    This is one of the most interesting parts of the project.

    I am not simply asking: “Where did I go?”

    I am asking: “Where did I spend each night?”

    This question turns the problem into spatiotemporal analysis.

    The problem

    GPS data doesn’t inherently know what constitutes an “overnight stay.” My data contains timestamps representing movement and location throughout the journey.

    I establish a logical rule for identifying overnight locations.

    I also encounter timezone complications because my journey crosses multiple time zones.

    My analytical approach

    I develop the concept that the location associated with the pre-midnight portion of the day represents the place where I end that travel day.

    This important analytical decision is solved by creating a business/analytical rule. The solution is a much more sophisticated concept than simply filtering points after midnight.

    Technical competencies

    • Temporal data
    • Timestamp interpretation
    • Date fields
    • Time-zone awareness
    • Temporal filtering
    • Date-range queries
    • Spatiotemporal reasoning
    • Analytical-rule development

    Phase 5 — Overnight Location Extraction

    This phase of the project narrows the focus into a specific analytical target.

    Hundreds of thousands of location records are reduced into a meaningful dataset.

    One overnight location → One date

    Instead of:

    226,061 individual GPS observations

    I conceptually develop my data into:

    DateLatitudeLongitudeLocation
    July 21XX.XXXX-XXX.XXXXOvernight location
    July 22XX.XXXX-XXX.XXXXOvernight location
    July 23XX.XXXX-XXX.XXXXOvernight location

    I work with date/time information to isolate the relevant records.

    I also create and work with CSV/tabular data containing:

    • Date
    • Latitude
    • Longitude

    Those coordinates allowed me to construct geographic point information in QGIS.

    Technical competencies

    • Data filtering
    • Attribute querying
    • Coordinate extraction
    • Latitude/longitude handling
    • Point-feature creation
    • Tabular-to-spatial conversion
    • Data reduction
    • Data organization
    • Chronological sequencing

    Phase 6 — Visualization & Symbology

    Making a dataset visually understandable.

    A giant collection of identical points doesn’t communicate much.

    I work with the QGIS symbology panel to distinguish individual data points. Using graduated color coding, I visually represent different portions/patterns in the journey.

    This transforms the data from “a bunch of dots” into a visual representation of movement through space and time.

    Technical competencies

    • QGIS symbology
    • Categorized visualization
    • Graduated symbology
    • Point-layer visualization
    • Cartographic communication
    • Visual pattern recognition
    • Map interpretation

    Phase 7 — Coordinate & Location Validation

    Simply trusting the data and the computer is a FUNDAMENTAL FALACY in data science. The output must make sense.

    Since my eventual dataset is small in comparison to the original dataset, I am able to view individual latitude/longitude coordinates and examine them geographically, including using Google Earth as a validation/reference tool.

    I also encounter the practical problem of QGIS not always interpreting coordinate input the way I expect.

    Troubleshooting:

    • Latitude/longitude order
    • Coordinate formatting
    • CRS
    • Point placement
    • Attribute values
    • Geographic location

    Technical competencies

    • Coordinate validation
    • Geographic reference
    • Google Earth
    • QGIS
    • Spatial verification
    • Coordinate troubleshooting
    • Data quality control
    • Cross-platform geographic analysis
    • Ground-truthing / spatial QA-QC.

    Phase 8 — Final Analysis & Cartographic Product

    The purpose of this project is not simply to produces a QGIS file.

    The ultimate product is a story.

    I took the digital footprint of a months-long journey and reconstructed my overnight geography.

    The final project contains:

    1. Overview map

    A map showing the entire journey.

    2. Overnight-location map

    One point for each overnight location.

    3. Temporal visualization

    Showing the progression of overnight locations through time.

    4. Supporting dataset

    A clean CSV/GeoPackage containing:

    • Date
    • Latitude
    • Longitude
    • Location name
    • Region/state/province
    • Country
    • Notes

    5. Methodology

    A concise explanation of how overnight locations were identified.

    6. Technical workflow

    A diagram showing:

    Google Timeline → JSON → GeoJSON → QGIS → Filtering → Overnight Dataset → Visualization → Validation

    The Competency Map

    This personal project demonstrates competency in:

    GIS

    • QGIS
    • Spatial data management
    • Layer creation
    • Spatial analysis
    • Cartography
    • Symbology
    • Coordinate systems

    Data

    • JSON
    • GeoJSON
    • CSV
    • Tabular data
    • Data transformation
    • ETL
    • Data cleaning
    • Data validation

    Spatial

    • Latitude/longitude
    • GPS data
    • Point features
    • Coordinate systems
    • WGS 84 / EPSG:4326
    • Spatial visualization
    • Spatial verification

    Temporal

    • Dates
    • Timestamps
    • Time zones
    • Temporal filtering
    • Spatiotemporal analysis

    Analytical

    • Problem formulation
    • Methodology development
    • Rule creation
    • Pattern recognition
    • Data reduction
    • Quality control
    • Troubleshooting

    Professional

    • Independent research
    • Technical problem solving
    • Learning unfamiliar technology
    • Iterative workflow development
    • Translating a real-world problem into a GIS workflow
    • Communicating results visually

    And here’s the important part:

    My Alaska journey as a portfolio laboratory.

    The overnight map is Project #1.

    From the same underlying journey, I develop additional projects:

    • Gas consumption and fuel-cost spatial analysis
    • Travel-route analysis
    • Elevation / terrain analysis
    • Distance and travel-time analysis
    • Weather versus travel patterns
    • Campsite/overnight-location suitability analysis
    • Alaska highway infrastructure mapping
    • Cemetery mapping / Cemetery Detective
    • E-bike exploration mapping
    • Public-land / recreation GIS analysis

    Demonstrable Skillset

    This project began as a personal question: where did I actually spend my nights during my journey to Alaska? What began as an exploration of my own location history evolved into a practical GIS exercise involving data acquisition, transformation, spatial and temporal analysis, visualization, troubleshooting, and geographic validation.

    By transforming hundreds of thousands of raw location records into a meaningful representation of my overnight travels, I demonstrated how GIS can turn seemingly ordinary data into a story about movement, place, and experience. More importantly, the project represents the beginning of my deliberate transition from simply experiencing the world to learning how to analyze, map, and communicate it through geographic information systems.

    Contact: Keith@KeithHarper.net

  • Sailing Signal Flag Echo (E) – Altering Course or Adding a Mark

    Sailing Signal Flag Echo (E) – Altering Course or Adding a Mark

    Echo (E) is a square flag divided horizontally: blue over red.
    Context matters with the E Flag.

    • Under International Code of Signals (ICS): It means “I am altering my course to starboard.”
    • Under Racing Rules of Sailing (RRS): It indicates an additional mark has been placed on the course (as defined by the Regatta’s Sailing Instructions).

    Echo communicates intent within the rule system governing the situation.

    1) Physical Description

    Shape:
    Square signal flag.

    Pattern:
    Horizontally divided into two equal bands.

    Orientation:

    • Top half: Blue
    • Bottom half: Red

    There are no symbols, letters, or emblems. The division is a clean horizontal line across the center.

    When hoisted correctly:

    • Blue must be on top.
    • Red must be on bottom.
    • The flag must fly clear and not be inverted.

    Visibility Considerations:
    The strong contrast between blue and red provides good daylight visibility. Proper size selection relative to vessel size and viewing distance is necessary for recognition.

    Similar Flags – No Confusion Confirmed:
    Echo is not swallow-tailed.
    Echo is not vertically divided.
    No other International Code of Signals (ICS) flag shares this exact horizontal blue-over-red configuration.

    2) Color Specification

    ICS publications specify color names (e.g., “blue,” “red”) but do not publish official digital hex codes. The following are widely accepted maritime approximations for digital and print consistency:

    ColorMaritime NameApproximate Hex Code
    BlueSignal Blue#003F87
    RedSignal Red#C8102E

    Hex values are approximations for digital media only. Fabric flags may vary slightly depending on manufacturer and dye standards.

    3) Official International Code of Signals (ICS) Meaning

    ICS Meaning (Single-letter signal):

    “I am altering my course to starboard.”

    Plain-Language Explanation:
    A vessel displaying Echo is communicating that it is turning to the right (starboard).

    Operational Context:
    Echo is a maneuvering signal used to indicate navigational intent to nearby vessels. It supplements, but does not replace, required sound signals under COLREG Rule 34 when applicable.

    Echo communicates intent. It does not assign right-of-way.

    4) Boundary Statements

    What Echo Does NOT Mean

    Echo does not:

    • Indicate distress.
    • Signal a request for assistance.
    • Grant right-of-way.
    • Override traffic separation schemes.
    • Replace required navigation lights or sound signals.
    • Automatically signal a race course change.

    What Echo Does NOT Authorize

    Echo does not authorize:

    • Violation of COLREGs.
    • Failure to maintain proper lookout.
    • Unsafe maneuvering.
    • Deviation from published Sailing Instructions in a regatta.

    Rule System Separation

    • ICS Meaning: “I am altering my course to starboard.”
    • COLREGs: Govern right-of-way and maneuvering obligations. Echo does not supersede COLREG rules.
    • Racing Rules of Sailing (RRS): May assign a different meaning when displayed by a race committee vessel.

    These systems are independent. Meaning depends on context and governing authority.

    5) Commercial Sailing Use

    In commercial navigation, Echo may be used to visually indicate a starboard alteration in:

    • Harbor approaches
    • Inland waterways
    • Traffic separation zones
    • Restricted visibility (in combination with sound signals)

    Liability and Rule Hierarchy

    Displaying Echo:

    • Does not shift collision liability.
    • Does not relieve the vessel from complying with COLREG Rules 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, or 17.
    • Does not replace required whistle signals under Rule 34.

    Echo is informational only. Safe navigation responsibility remains with the vessel operator.

    6) Racing and Regatta Management Use

    Does Echo Have an RRS Meaning?

    Yes.

    Under the Racing Rules of Sailing (RRS), when displayed by the race committee, Echo commonly means:

    An additional mark has been placed on the course.

    This meaning is separate from the ICS maneuvering signal.

    Clear Distinction

    • ICS (Navigation): Altering course to starboard.
    • RRS (Race Management): An additional mark has been added to the course.

    The Sailing Instructions (SI) govern how Echo is used in a specific event. Competitors must follow the SI and RRS.

    Echo displayed by a race committee vessel during a regatta is interpreted under RRS, not ICS.

    7) Informal or Local Uses (Non-Standard)

    Some local fleets may:

    • Refer to Echo as the “extra mark flag.”
    • Use it in training scenarios to simulate race management adjustments.

    These uses are non-standard and derive authority only from the organizing authority’s Sailing Instructions.

    No widely recognized non-standard commercial meanings exist.

    8) Real-World Commercial Scenario

    A commercial vessel is navigating a congested harbor channel. A crossing vessel is approaching from port. The master intends to alter course to starboard to align with the channel and increase passing distance.

    Echo is hoisted as the vessel begins the maneuver, supplementing the required whistle signal.

    The display communicates intent but does not alter right-of-way obligations under COLREG Rule 15.

    9) Real-World Regatta Scenario

    During a windward-leeward race, the race committee determines that an additional offset mark is required to improve fleet flow at the weather mark.

    The committee boat displays Echo in accordance with the Sailing Instructions.

    Competitors understand that an extra mark has been added to the course and round it as required.

    In this context, Echo has no ICS maneuvering meaning. It functions solely as a race management signal under RRS and the event’s Sailing Instructions.

    10) Concise Summary

    Echo (E) is a square flag divided horizontally: blue over red.

    • Under ICS: It means “I am altering my course to starboard.”
    • Under RRS: It indicates that an additional mark has been placed on the course (as defined by Sailing Instructions).

    Echo communicates intent within the rule system governing the situation.

    Authority comes from context and rule hierarchy, not assumption.

    About This Project

    This series, The Sailing Flags, is designed to explore the full range of maritime flags used in commercial operations and racing, from Alpha to Zulu. Each article focuses on one flag, its official meaning, real-world usage, and practical examples, providing a clear resource for sailors, race committees, and maritime professionals.

    I am also using this project as a personal learning journey. Each day, I explore different presentation and storytelling techniques with the help of AI tools, from writing and research to visuals and video production, programing, sound generation, along with data collection & assembly.

    My goal is to learn how to communicate complex maritime information effectively while experimenting with new creative tools.

    About Keith

    Keith Harper is a recreational sailor primarily sailing out of Privateer Yacht Club near Chattanooga, Tennessee. His love of sailing began in 2011 with sailing lessons through Privateer’s Adult Learn-To-Sail program using Flying Scots as a training boat. He quickly advanced to club racing, Regattas, and eventually open ocean sailing as delivery crew on vessels as large as 137′ traveling between Newport R.I., Bermuda, and Tortola BVI.

    Keith has served on countless race committees in positions ranging from Safety Boat through PRO.

    This Sailing Flag Project is his way of giving back to the sailing community.

    Disclaimer

    This article is provided for educational and informational purposes only. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, sailors should always consult the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS), the International Code of Signals, the Racing Rules of Sailing, and the applicable Sailing Instructions issued by the organizing authority or race committee.

    In the event of any discrepancy, the official rules and instructions in force at the time shall take precedence.

  • Code Flag Delta (D): “Keep Clear of Me” or “Do Not Leave Harbor”

    Code Flag Delta (D): “Keep Clear of Me” or “Do Not Leave Harbor”

    Concise Summary

    Delta (D) is a swallow-tailed flag with horizontal yellow–blue–yellow stripes.

    • Under ICS: “Keep clear of me; I am maneuvering with difficulty.”
    • Under RRS: A harbor control signal governing when boats may leave.

    Delta communicates differently depending on rule system and context.

    Authority derives from rule hierarchy, not assumption.

    1) Physical Description

    Shape:
    Swallow-tailed (triangular forked fly). Delta is one of the ICS flags that is not square.

    Pattern:
    Three horizontal stripes of equal height.

    Orientation:
    From top to bottom:

    • Top stripe: Yellow
    • Middle stripe: Blue
    • Bottom stripe: Yellow

    The fly end is split (swallow-tailed). The horizontal stripes run parallel to the top edge of the flag.

    When properly hoisted:

    • Yellow must be on top.
    • Blue must be centered.
    • Yellow must be on bottom.
    • The swallowtail must be at the fly end, not at the hoist.

    Visibility Considerations:
    The alternating yellow–blue–yellow pattern provides strong daylight contrast. The swallowtail shape aids recognition at distance. Proper halyard tension is required to prevent wrapping, which could obscure stripe order.

    Similar Flags – No Confusion Confirmed:

    • Not square.
    • Not vertically striped.
    • No other ICS flag combines horizontal yellow–blue–yellow stripes with a swallowtail profile.

    2) Color Specification

    ICS specifies color names but does not publish digital color codes. The following are standard maritime approximations for digital use:

    ColorMaritime NameApproximate Hex Code
    YellowSignal Yellow#FFD100
    BlueSignal Blue#003F87

    Hex values are approximations for digital and print consistency only. Fabric flags may vary by manufacturer.

    3) Official International Code of Signals (ICS) Meaning

    ICS Meaning (Single-letter signal):

    “Keep clear of me; I am maneuvering with difficulty.”

    Plain-Language Explanation:
    A vessel displaying Delta is informing other vessels that it requires sea room because it is constrained in its ability to maneuver normally.

    Operational Context:
    Delta may be used in situations such as:

    • Replenishment at sea
    • Towing operations
    • Dredging
    • Cable laying
    • Complex maneuvering evolutions

    Delta communicates a request for other vessels to maintain distance.

    4) Boundary Statements

    What Delta Does NOT Mean

    Delta does not:

    • Declare distress.
    • Automatically establish a “vessel restricted in ability to maneuver” status under COLREG Rule 3(g).
    • Replace required day shapes or lights prescribed by COLREGs.
    • Grant automatic right-of-way.

    What Delta Does NOT Authorize

    Delta does not authorize:

    • Ignoring COLREGs.
    • Disregarding traffic separation schemes.
    • Failing to display required shapes or lights.
    • Unsafe operation.

    Rule System Separation

    • ICS Meaning: “Keep clear of me; I am maneuvering with difficulty.”
    • COLREGs: Define legal status (e.g., “restricted in ability to maneuver”) and corresponding light/day-shape requirements.
    • Racing Rules of Sailing (RRS): Govern competitive sailing events and may assign separate race-related meanings.

    ICS signaling does not replace statutory navigation requirements under COLREGs.

    5) Commercial Sailing Use

    Practical Applications

    Delta may be displayed during:

    • Towing operations where the tow restricts maneuverability.
    • Underway replenishment between naval vessels.
    • Dredging or survey work.
    • Subsea cable operations.
    • Vessel transfers or pilot embarkation in constrained areas (use depends on operator practice; not mandated in all cases).

    Liability and Rule Hierarchy Considerations

    Displaying Delta:

    • Does not legally redefine vessel status under COLREGs.
    • Does not substitute required shapes (e.g., ball–diamond–ball for RAM vessels).
    • Does not eliminate collision avoidance responsibilities.

    The master remains responsible for compliance with:

    • COLREG Rules 5–19
    • Applicable local navigation laws
    • Safe seamanship standards

    Delta is advisory. It is not self-executing authority.

    6) Racing and Regatta Management Use

    Does Delta Have an RRS Meaning?

    Yes.

    Under the Racing Rules of Sailing (RRS), Flag D has a race-specific meaning when displayed by the race committee.

    Common RRS meaning:

    Boats shall not leave the harbor until this signal is made.
    The warning signal will be made not less than a specified time after Flag D is displayed.

    Exact wording and timing are governed by the Notice of Race (NOR) and Sailing Instructions (SI).

    Clear Distinction

    • ICS (Navigation): “Keep clear of me; I am maneuvering with difficulty.”
    • RRS (Race Management): Harbor departure control signal.

    These meanings are entirely separate and context-dependent.

    A race committee vessel displaying Delta during pre-race harbor control is operating under RRS authority, not ICS.

    7) Informal or Local Uses (Non-Standard)

    Some clubs may:

    • Use Delta informally to signal “mark boat at work.”
    • Use it during training events to signal restricted maneuvering.

    Such uses are non-standard and derive authority only from event-specific Sailing Instructions.

    There is no widely recognized alternative commercial meaning beyond ICS.

    8) Real-World Commercial Scenario

    A dredging vessel is operating in a narrow channel while deploying suction equipment.

    The vessel displays Delta to signal to approaching traffic that it is maneuvering with difficulty and requires clearance.

    The vessel also displays the required day shapes and lights under COLREG Rule 27.

    Delta supplements — it does not replace — statutory signals.

    9) Real-World Regatta Scenario

    Before the start of racing, the race committee displays Flag D at the harbor exit.

    The Sailing Instructions state:

    Boats shall not leave the harbor until Flag D is displayed. The warning signal will be made no earlier than 45 minutes after Flag D is displayed.

    Competitors wait for Delta before departing the harbor.

    In this context, Delta has no ICS maneuvering meaning. It functions solely as a race management signal under RRS.

    About This Project

    This series, The Sailing Flags, is designed to explore the full range of maritime flags used in commercial operations and racing, from Alpha to Zulu. Each article focuses on one flag, its official meaning, real-world usage, and practical examples, providing a clear resource for sailors, race committees, and maritime professionals.

    I am also using this project as a personal learning journey. Each day, I explore different presentation and storytelling techniques with the help of AI tools, from writing and research to visuals and video production, programing, sound generation, along with data collection & assembly.

    My goal is to learn how to communicate complex maritime information effectively while experimenting with new creative tools.

    About Keith

    Keith Harper is a recreational sailor primarily sailing out of Privateer Yacht Club near Chattanooga, Tennessee. His love of sailing began in 2011 with sailing lessons through Privateer’s Adult Learn-To-Sail program using Flying Scots as a training boat. He quickly advanced to club racing, Regattas, and eventually open ocean sailing as delivery crew on vessels as large as 137′ traveling between Newport R.I., Bermuda, and Tortola BVI.

    Keith has served on countless race committees in positions ranging from Safety Boat through PRO.

    This Sailing Flag Project is his way of giving back to the sailing community.

    Disclaimer

    This article is provided for educational and informational purposes only. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, sailors should always consult the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS), the International Code of Signals, the Racing Rules of Sailing, and the applicable Sailing Instructions issued by the organizing authority or race committee.

    In the event of any discrepancy, the official rules and instructions in force at the time shall take precedence.

  • Code Flag Charlie (C): “Yes / Affirmative”

    Code Flag Charlie (C): “Yes / Affirmative”

    Physical Description

    The Charlie flag is a rectangular flag with five horizontal stripes, arranged:

    Blue – White – Red – White – Blue

    All stripes are of equal height and run the full width of the flag. Charlie is not swallow-tailed. Orientation matters only in keeping the stripes horizontal; flown vertically, the color order must remain correct from top to bottom.

    The strong color contrast makes Charlie highly legible at distance and in poor visibility, especially when flown alone.

    Color Specification (Maritime & Digital Reference)

    StripeColorCommon Hex CodeNotes
    TopBlue#003A8FDeep signal blue
    2ndWhite#FFFFFFPure white
    MiddleRed#C8102ESignal red
    4thWhite#FFFFFFPure white
    BottomBlue#003A8FMatches top stripe

    Visual guidance

    • Use flat, saturated colors
    • Avoid gradients or shading
    • Maintain equal stripe proportions
    • Charlie Flag consists of five equal horizontal stripes

    Official Meaning (International Code of Signals)

    Under the International Code of Signals, Charlie means:

    “Yes”
    or
    “Affirmative.”

    This is a reply signal. Charlie does not initiate action, give permission, or convey instruction on its own. It confirms a message that has already been sent.

    Boundary Statement

    Charlie has no standalone meaning. It only responds to a prior signal or question.

    Commercial Sailing Use

    In commercial operations, Charlie is used primarily for acknowledgment:

    • Confirming receipt of a maneuver request
    • Affirming readiness after a procedural signal
    • Responding to a question posed via flags, lights, or radio

    Charlie does not:

    • Authorize passage
    • Grant clearance
    • Replace radio or written instructions

    Those functions remain governed by COLREGs, port rules, and vessel traffic services.

    Racing & Regatta Management Use

    In racing, Flag C has a specific procedural meaning, distinct from its International Code usage.

    When displayed by the race committee, Charlie means:

    “The course has been changed.”

    The new direction is indicated by:

    • The compass bearing on the flag
    • Or the orientation of a mark

    This signal is typically accompanied by repetitive sound signals.

    Boundary Statement

    In racing, Charlie only has this meaning when displayed by the race committee and defined in the Racing Rules of Sailing.

    Competitors should not interpret Charlie flown by other vessels as a course signal.

    Informal or Local Use

    Charlie is sometimes used informally to mean:

    • “Acknowledged”
    • “Understood”
    • “Confirmed”

    These uses are acceptable only in non-regulated, clearly defined contexts and should never replace official procedures in commercial or competitive environments.

    Real-World Examples

    Commercial Example
    A pilot boat signals a vessel requesting confirmation of readiness to receive a pilot. The vessel hoists Charlie, affirming readiness without further instruction.

    Regatta Example
    During a race, the committee displays Charlie with repeated sound signals and a directional indicator, notifying the fleet of a change in course at the next mark.

    Summary

    The Charlie flag is simple, powerful, and often misunderstood. Officially, it means “Yes”, nothing more. In racing, it takes on a tightly defined procedural role when displayed by the race committee. Its authority comes not from the flag itself, but from context, origin, and prior communication.

    About This Project

    This series, The Sailing Flags, is designed to explore the full range of maritime flags used in commercial operations and racing, from Alpha to Zulu. Each article focuses on one flag, its official meaning, real-world usage, and practical examples, providing a clear resource for sailors, race committees, and maritime professionals.

    I am also using this project as a personal learning journey. Each day, I explore different presentation and storytelling techniques with the help of AI tools, from writing and research to visuals and video production, programing, sound generation, along with data collection & assembly.

    My goal is to learn how to communicate complex maritime information effectively while experimenting with new creative tools.

    About Keith

    Keith Harper is a recreational sailor primarily sailing out of Privateer Yacht Club near Chattanooga, Tennessee. His love of sailing began in 2011 with sailing lessons through Privateer’s Adult Learn-To-Sail program using Flying Scots as a training boat. He quickly advanced to club racing, Regattas, and eventually open ocean sailing as delivery crew on vessels as large as 137′ traveling between Newport R.I., Bermuda, and Tortola BVI.

    Keith has served on countless race committees in positions ranging from Safety Boat through PRO.

    This Sailing Flag Project is his way of giving back to the sailing community.

    Disclaimer

    This article is provided for educational and informational purposes only. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, sailors should always consult the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS), the International Code of Signals, the Racing Rules of Sailing, and the applicable Sailing Instructions issued by the organizing authority or race committee.

    In the event of any discrepancy, the official rules and instructions in force at the time shall take precedence.

  • Code Flag Bravo (B): “I Am Carrying Dangerous Cargo”

    Code Flag Bravo (B): “I Am Carrying Dangerous Cargo”

    Physical Description

    The Bravo flag is a solid red swallow-tailed flag. It contains no symbols, stripes, or divisions, just a single field of red. The swallow-tail cut at the fly end is a defining feature and helps distinguish Bravo from non-standard red banners or decorative flags.

    When properly displayed, the flag is immediately recognizable by both its shape and color, even in rough seas or reduced visibility. A rectangular red flag is not technically correct for Bravo.

    Color Specification (Standard & Digital Reference)

    ElementColorHex CodeNotes
    FieldRed#C8102E (ISO red) / #D00000 (common digital equivalent)Should be vivid, not dark or maroon

    Visual guidance

    • Red must appear bright and saturated
    • No gradients, textures, or patterns
    • The swallow-tail shape must remain clearly visible when flying

    Official Meaning

    Under the International Code of Signals, Bravo means:

    “I am carrying, discharging, or transporting dangerous goods.”

    In practical terms, Bravo warns other vessels and shore facilities that hazardous cargo is present. This includes flammable, explosive, toxic, or otherwise regulated materials.

    Bravo does not specify the type of hazard, only that caution is required.

    Commercial Sailing Use

    In commercial operations, Bravo is most commonly seen on:

    • Tankers carrying fuel or chemicals
    • Cargo vessels loading or unloading dangerous goods
    • Vessels engaged in fuel transfer operations

    When Bravo is flown, other vessels should:

    • Maintain a safe distance
    • Avoid actions that could create sparks, wake, or interference
    • Follow port authority or harbor master instructions

    Failure to properly display Bravo when required can carry regulatory and liability consequences.

    Racing & Regatta Context

    Bravo is not a racing signal and has no tactical or procedural meaning under the Racing Rules of Sailing.

    However, race committees and event organizers may encounter Bravo in the following situations:

    • A support or committee vessel conducting fuel transfers
    • A nearby commercial vessel operating within the race area
    • Harbor or port operations adjacent to a regatta venue

    In these cases, Bravo serves as a safety awareness signal, not a race management instruction. Race officers should treat it as an environmental factor, similar to restricted navigation zones or commercial traffic.

    Informal Regatta Use: Fleet Identification

    Although Bravo has no official meaning under the Racing Rules of Sailing, some regattas use the flag informally to distinguish between fleets. Most commonly B Fleet in multi-fleet events are signified with a Bravo Flag.

    When used this way:

    • The practice is defined explicitly in the Sailing Instructions
    • Bravo is flown on the race committee vessel or signal boat
    • The flag serves as a visual identifier, not a race signal

    This usage is local and procedural, not tactical. Its meaning exists only because it is clearly stated in the event documentation.

    Important Note for Competitors and Officials

    If Bravo is used for fleet identification:

    • It must be defined in the Sailing Instructions
    • It does not replace standard class flags or warning signals
    • It carries no safety or hazardous cargo meaning in this context

    Absent written instruction, Bravo should always be interpreted according to the International Code of Signals.

    Real-World Examples

    Commercial Example
    A fuel barge alongside a dock displays Bravo while transferring diesel. Passing traffic reduces speed and keeps clear until operations are complete.

    Regatta Example
    A race committee boat fueling between race days flies Bravo. Competitors are advised to keep clear, though racing schedules and signals remain unchanged.

    Summary

    The Bravo flag is simple by design and serious in meaning. A solid red swallow-tailed flag, it signals the presence of dangerous cargo and calls for heightened caution from nearby vessels. While it plays no role in race signaling, Bravo remains highly relevant to race officials operating in shared or commercial waters.

    Correct display, recognition, and respect for Bravo are essential components of safe seamanship.

    About This Project

    This series, The Sailing Flags, is designed to explore the full range of maritime flags used in commercial operations and racing, from Alpha to Zulu. Each article focuses on one flag, its official meaning, real-world usage, and practical examples, providing a clear resource for sailors, race committees, and maritime professionals.

    I am also using this project as a personal learning journey. Each day, I explore different presentation and storytelling techniques with the help of AI tools, from writing and research to visuals and video production, programing, sound generation, along with data collection & assembly.

    My goal is to learn how to communicate complex maritime information effectively while experimenting with new creative tools.

    About Keith

    Keith Harper is a recreational sailor primarily sailing out of Privateer Yacht Club near Chattanooga, Tennessee. His love of sailing began in 2011 with sailing lessons through Privateer’s Adult Learn-To-Sail program using Flying Scots as a training boat. He quickly advanced to club racing, Regattas, and eventually open ocean sailing as delivery crew on vessels as large as 137′ traveling between Newport R.I., Bermuda, and Tortola BVI.

    Keith has served on countless race committees in positions ranging from Safety Boat through PRO.

    This Sailing Flag Project is his way of giving back to the sailing community.

    Disclaimer

    This article is provided for educational and informational purposes only. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, sailors should always consult the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS), the International Code of Signals, the Racing Rules of Sailing, and the applicable Sailing Instructions issued by the organizing authority or race committee.

    In the event of any discrepancy, the official rules and instructions in force at the time shall take precedence.

  • Sailing Flags – Code Flag Alpha – “A” Flag

    Sailing Flags – Code Flag Alpha – “A” Flag

    Sailing Flag Alpha – Podcast

    Flag A – Alpha

    The Alpha flag is a simple, high-visibility signal: a vertical bicolor, white at the hoist and blue at the fly. Its design is intended for immediate recognition and minimal ambiguity from any angle on the water.

    Official Meaning

    Under the International Code of Signals, Alpha means:
    “I have a diver down; keep well clear at slow speed.”

    This remains its authoritative definition in both commercial and recreational contexts.

    Flag A — Alpha: Style Guide

    Basic Description

    • Type: International Code of Signals flag
    • Shape: Swallow-tail (two points at the fly)
    • Division: Vertical, 1:1 ratio
      • Left/hoist: White
      • Right/fly: Blue

    Colors (Digital/Hex)

    SectionColorHex CodeNotes
    Hoist (left)White#FFFFFFPure white, high contrast against blue
    Fly (right)Blue#0033A0 or #0047ABDeep, vivid blue; should be visible at a distance; avoid navy that’s too dark

    Proportions

    • Width-to-height ratio: Standard 3:2 (width 1.5 × height)
    • Division: Equal vertical halves (50% white, 50% blue)
    • Swallow-tail cut: Two points at fly end; cut should be ~25% of flag width

    Visual Notes

    • The swallow-tail is critical for recognition; it differentiates Alpha from other vertical bicolor flags.
    • In motion (waves or wind), the two tails provide distinctive movement that helps other vessels identify the signal quickly.
    • White and blue must have high contrast for visibility in all weather conditions.

    Commercial Use

    In commercial maritime operations, Alpha is used whenever divers are in the water in proximity to a vessel’s working area. Typical situations include hull inspections, underwater maintenance, hull cleaning, pipeline or cable work, or salvage operations.

    Key considerations for commercial operators:

    • Visibility: Fly Alpha prominently from the highest practical point so it is visible from all directions.
    • Speed: Other vessels must reduce to slow speed: not idle, not “tactical creep”, slow speed that minimizes wake and allows safe maneuvering.
    • Clearance: Maintain a wide berth. The precise distance is situational, but it should allow for diver safety, boat wash, and unexpected diver movement.
    • Additional signals: In busy waters or low visibility, the vessel may supplement Alpha with radio warnings on VHF, AIS send/receive notes, or physical obstruction boats.

    Ignoring or failing to respect Alpha in commercial operations can carry regulatory fines, civil liability, and professional consequences. The flag identifies a situation with actual human risk below the surface.

    Racing and Regatta Management Use

    In typical racing rulebooks and in the Racing Rules of Sailing, Alpha on its own is not a race signal for starting, postponing, or abandoning racing. Its meaning remains tied to diver safety.

    However, in practice, regatta committees sometimes group Alpha with other flags to communicate broader decisions toward the end of a racing day:

    • AP over A: Used by some committees to indicate that races not started are postponed for the remainder of the day. Race instructions may clarify how this combination is interpreted.
    • N over A: Sometimes used to declare that all racing is abandoned for the day, signaling no remaining races will be sailed.

    In these combinations:

    • The primary race signal (AP or N) communicates the race status.
    • Alpha adds a cautionary note or context but does not change the official meaning of the race signal itself.

    When sailing near a race area where Alpha is flying, competitors should first treat the Alpha meaning as a safety condition: slow speed and wide passing clearance. Then interpret any race signal combinations according to the sailing instructions and the Racing Rules of Sailing.

    A common misconception is that Alpha has different racing definitions. It does not. Alpha means diver down regardless of who displays it or what it is paired with. Race committees use it as a practical tool to extend communication, but its original definition still applies.

    Real-World Examples

    Commercial

    A survey vessel anchored near a bridge flies Alpha while divers inspect the substructure. A passing tug approaches from downriver. Upon seeing Alpha, the tug slows to idle speed and alters course off the working side, acknowledging that a diver may surface unexpectedly.

    Regatta

    A race committee calls off the final race due to thunderstorm development. They hoist AP over A. Competitors understand that racing is postponed for the day. Even as they depart the race area, Alpha reminds cruising and race support boats to pass slowly and give crews rigging marks or clearing gear room to work safely.

    Summary

    Alpha is a safety signal first and foremost:

    • Commercial: Diver in water – slow down and keep clear.
    • Racing: Not a racing start/stop flag by itself, but used in practice in combinations for day program decisions. Safety meaning still holds.

    Whenever Alpha is flying, every mariner, commercial or racing, should respond by recognizing the situation, reducing speed, and providing safe space.

    About This Project

    This series, The Sailing Flags, is designed to explore the full range of maritime flags used in commercial operations and racing, from Alpha to Zulu. Each article focuses on one flag, its official meaning, real-world usage, and practical examples, providing a clear resource for sailors, race committees, and maritime professionals.

    I am also using this project as a personal learning journey. Each day, I explore different presentation and storytelling techniques with the help of AI tools, from writing and research to visuals and video production, programing, sound generation, along with data collection & assembly.

    My goal is to learn how to communicate complex maritime information effectively while experimenting with new creative tools.

    About Keith

    Keith Harper is a recreational sailor primarily sailing out of Privateer Yacht Club near Chattanooga, Tennessee. His love of sailing began in 2011 with sailing lessons through Privateer’s Adult Learn-To-Sail program using Flying Scots as a training boat. He quickly advanced to club racing, Regattas, and eventually open ocean sailing as delivery crew on vessels as large as 137′ traveling between Newport R.I., Bermuda, and Tortola BVI.

    Keith has served on countless race committees in positions from Safety Boat through PRO.

    This Sailing Flag Project is his way of giving back to the sailing community.

    Disclaimer

    This article is provided for educational and informational purposes only. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, sailors should always consult the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS), the International Code of Signals, the Racing Rules of Sailing, and the applicable Sailing Instructions issued by the organizing authority or race committee.

    In the event of any discrepancy, the official rules and instructions in force at the time shall take precedence.

  • Ocoee River Rapids

    Paddling on the Ocoee River

    Hi Everyone:
    This is a personal synopsis from my experiences (thus far) on the middle section of the Ocoee River.
    I’m a fairly new paddler and still learning the river. I laughed each time I wrote the words “Big Sticky Hole” but there are lots of Big Sticky Holes on the middle Ocoee.

    You’re welcome to read my notes but by reading them you agree that they are for entertainment purposes only and are not intended to guide you on the river nor any particular rapid. Rapids change depending on water level. I always paddle with an experienced crew and so should you.
    I’m only beginning to understand classifications so the classifications listed below came from professional river raft guides, not me.

    Disclaimer: DO NOT RELY ON THESE NOTES! 🙂

    RR = River Right
    RL = River Left
    PR = Player’s Right
    PL = Player’s Left

    Grumpy’s
    Class III
    Ferry between 2nd and 3rd rock.  Point bow up river (1 o’clock).  Find the main flow toward RL.  Peel out down river.  Paddle hard but watch out for submerged rocks.  Stay away from rafts…be patient.

    Rails
    Class II+
    Secondary Put-in
    Boogie Water
    Ferry toward RL to main flow or ferry all the way across to extreme RL and catch eddy directly across from the Put-In.  Peel out with good edge control until boat is pointed downriver.

    North Shore
    Easy Class III
    Short Rapid.  Good Eddy spot to take a breather.

    Staging Eddy
    Easy Class III
    Big funnel (Power Flow) at the top.  Eddy out right or left.  Big surf and ferry wave at top.  Smaller surf wave at bottom.
    Great practice spot with roadside parking.

    Gonzo Shoals
    Class III
    Big rock that looks like Gonzo’s nose.  Approach on the left of the rock then Eddy behind the rock. Ferry to main flow and peel out down river.  A bit tricky because there are small (6”) ledges in quick succession.

    Walk the Plank
    Class III Technical
    Eddy behind Gonzo Rock.  Peel out and over 2 small drops.  Eddy and ferry toward RL steering boat between rocks just below a ledge.  Ferry immediately on the downstream side of the ledge using the pourover hydraulic to stay close to the ledge.  Once into the main flow, peel out into and over 3′ chute drop.  Watch out for upstream traffic.

    Karma Rock
    Feature
    Give it a love tap with hand or paddle for good River Karma.

    Broken Nose
    Class III+
    BN is on RR.  If rafts are in the area, either delay entrance into Broken Nose or take the middle left line.

    Look for water flow pouring over a rock from left to right.  Hit that curling wave square and let it Typewriter Move the boat down the face of the rock.  Angle boat downward into the approaching hole.  Paddle hard to get through the hole then paddle hard again to get through the lower hole.
    Lots of available eddies.

    Second Helping
    Class III      (Seems easier than class III to me)
    Boogie Water, fun.

    Slice ‘n’ Dice
    Class III
    2 Funnels. 
    Play Spot with great Ferry Wave and a Surf Wave to play in
    Eddy on RL. Get out of boat, take a breather, snack, and Hang Out with friends.

    Ganesha
    Feature
    Rock that looks like an Elephant
    Pay Reverence

    Moon Shoot (or is it Chute?)
    Class III     (easy)
    I love the approach of Moon Shoot.  I’ve just reentered my kayak after relaxing at the Slice ‘n’ Dice eddy hangin’ with friends.  I’m relaxed, calm, and ready for the next series of rapids.  I’ve just given greetings to Ganesha and feel like I’m connected to the river.

    Approach Elephant Rock on the left and catch the eddy behind it.  Ferry across some frothy water toward RR.  Take RR around the mooning rock.  Ferry RR to RL just below the drop on RR.  Ferry RR to RL and catch the eddy without bumping the rock.  Great practice.

    Double Suck
    Class III
    I have yet to run right through the meat of the hole.  I have skirted the big sticky hole by paddling down the main chute but just barely missing the large wave..  It’s possible to run far RL but my preferred line is to catch the boof nearly on RR.  It’s easy to go too far right and hit a piton rock.  Look for the curling pour over water and just catch the boof rock without going too far right.

    Below Double Suck
    Features
    There is a great 360 hole on RR and a side surf hole all the way over on RL.

    Hell’s 1/2 Mile
    Class III
    Boogie Water leading directly into Double Trouble.

    Double Trouble
    Class III
    Can approach from RR or RL
    Big Waves.  Second wave should be respected.  Boat angle is key. Paddle hard…dig through the waves.  I have flipped here once and made my roll.  Photo opportunity with OcoeePhotos.com.

    Jump Rock
    Class II
    A good place to catch an eddy and rest.
    Nice ferry action here and stern squirts for ½ slicers.

    Left Right Left
    Class II
    Catch the eddies!!!

    Squeeze Play
    Class II
    Weeee!!!

    Flipper
    Class III
    Several lines to take.  Far left is conservative.  Far right is whoooshy big water.  Middle left is a boof.  Right boof stroke with slight left leaning landing.  Paddle HARD to get away from the hydraulic. I’ve been upside down here and it kinda sucks….and sucks you in. But, I’ve also made the boof and it’s a THRILL to paddle away from it.

    STRONG play wave on RR with a couple hundred feet to complete a combat roll.  Consequences if roll is not made.
    Possible to do a Mystery Move (my long-term goal) in a play boat on the PR side of the hydraulic.

    Hollywood
    Class III     (Easy)
    Surf Spot

    Doldrums
    Class I
    Swim Area. Relax.

    Goforth Creek
    Rest Spot
    Good place for lunch, chill, relax.

    Hiwassee Shoals
    Class II
    Easy but deceptive.  Most of it is easy but Sneaky Pete and Surprise are tippy.  I swam at Surprise because I slowed down for a fellow kayaker and got caught in the hydraulic. It’s a mistake to relax on Hiwassee Shoals. Stay alert.

    Pre-TableSaw
    Class II
    Two Eddies on RL.  Large eddy is first.  Smaller eddy is second.  Both eddies allow me to get a visual of Table Saw and see the “all clear” signal from my lead paddling buddies down below.
    Depending on the line to enter Table Saw, paddle to the top of the eddy then ferry to desired line then peel out toward the steepest rapid of the Middle Ocoee.

    Table Saw
    Class III+
    My preferred line is to skirt right of the first big curler.  Then angle the boat toward 11 o’clock.  Keep 11 o’clock angle to stay in the meat of the rapid.  In my experience, running right through the center (after the first wave) is easier than trying to avoid the meat.  Keep paddling and keep proper boat angle.  Don’t stop paddling at the bottom until my boat is completely out of the rapid.

    Prudential Rock
    Feature
    Everyone gets a piece of the rock.  Avoid hitting this rock at the bottom right of Table Saw.
    When I skirt Table Saw to the right, I inevitably have to fight to keep from hitting Prudential Rock.  I’ve seen rafts and kayaks pinned here.  Stay away.

    Eddy after Table Saw
    Feature
    Eddy Right or Left.  RL is preferable to give a good approach to Diamond Splitter.  There are lots of partially submerged rocks to navigate around.  If eddying on RL, paddle to top of eddy, ferry into the main current, then peel out downstream.

    Diamond Splitter
    Class III
    RR is my favorite line for Diamond Splitter.   Follow the flow to the right of Diamond Splitter Rock.  BIG FLOWY smooth chute into a big, non-grabby wave followed by a short wave train.  The left line of Diamond Splitter Rock is a shallow section flowing into Witch’s Hole.  Witch’s Hole is big and grabby but fairly easy to punch through.

    Sigh of Relief
    Emotional Relief
    Whewww….Table Saw and Diamond Splitter are DONE!!!!

    Reefer Rock
    Feature
    Immediately after Diamond Splitter on RL.  Great place to hang out and chat with friends.

    Western Flyer
    Class III
    Boogie Water with a breaking wave to surf.  Boogie Woogie!!!

    Accelerator
    Class III
    Good basic flowy rapid.

    Cat’s Pajamas
    Class III
    Nice Ferry Wave.  Small surf wave on RR.
    Great place to play and practice combat rolls.

    Doldrums before Hell Hole
    Calm Before the Storm
    Catch breath and prepare for Hell Hole.  Get distance between myself and other boaters and rafts. No time to swim here.

    Hell Hole
    Class III+
    RL gives an easier line to skirt the two main waves of Hell Hole.  Current coming in from RL tends to push a kayak into the bigger water.  If I don’t want to run Hell Hole, I paddle hard to RL to miss the main meat.  RR flows into the meat of the two main waves.  The boat can be pretty far over to RR and it will be brought right into the two big waves.  Point the boat, paddle like hell and KEEP PADDLING until completely through the waves.

    Hell Hole Eddies
    Features
    River Left Eddy is big.  Great spot to hang out with friends and get ready to surf Hell Hole.  RR Eddy is smaller.  There are a couple eddies on RR.  Just below the bridge is a stable but small eddy.

    Hell Hole Ferry
    Class III
    Ferry Back and forth across the current just below the 2nd Hell Hole wave.  STRONG current…good ferry practice.

    Power House
    Class III
    RR Line is pretty straight forward.  Follow the green tongue.

    Paddle Out
    Class I and II
    After Power House, the paddle to the public take out is about 20 minutes.  There are a few easy rapids and baby surf waves.  It’s a good time to decompress and wind down but stay alert.



  • 360° Photo – Sunrise Over Chattanooga, Tennessee

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